Identification of potential 'hot spots' of cystic echinococcosis transmission in the province of Río Negro, Argentina.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The control program of CE of Rio Negro province, Argentina, involves annual surveillance using ultrasound (US) screening in school children, and five-year cross-sectional surveys to detect livestock farms with parasitized dogs by coproELISA with confirmation tests (Western Blot or PCR). Control program is based on deworming of dogs with praziquantel and the aim is to identify areas at risk of Cystic echinococcosis transmission to humans, using all available data sources. The information was spatially distributed in 13 program areas and, at a smaller geographical scale, in 80 Primary Health Care Centers. CoproELISA surveys involved three randomized sampling periods (2003-05, 2009-10, 2017-18), with 1790 canine fecal samples. The US surveys were conducted in 2003-08, 2009-16 and 2017-18 in 34,515 children. Heat maps were created at the smallest geographic scale with QGIS 3.4.6. For the consecutive sampling periods, prevalence of positive canine fecal samples from livestock farms were 14.7, 12.1 and 7.8%, respectively, and children prevalence was 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1%, respectively. The study has been developed on a scale according to which the temporal-spatial distribution of CE allows to adjust control strategies in those areas of potential transmission of the zoonosis to humans.

[Cystic echinococcosis in dogs and children in the province of Río Negro, Argentina]. / Vigilancia de la equinococosis quística en perros y niños en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. The control program against CE has developed monitoring surveillance systems. Currently, the coproELISA/Western blot (WB) test is used to determine transmission in livestock farms (epidemiological units or EU) from collected dry field-dispersed dog feces. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with CE cases in children aged 0-14 years. Canine fecal samples were obtained from randomly selected livestock farms and processed by the coproELISA/WB test. Furthermore, new cases in children in the same age group mentioned above were identified. In 278 EU, 571 samples of canine feces were obtained. There were 37 positive samples for coproELISA/WB (6.5%) and the presence of transmission was demonstrated in 37 EU (13.3%). There were no significant differences (p=0.9) with the survey conducted in the period 2003-2004 while there were significant differences (p=0.02) with the EU survey of native populations conducted in 2009-2010. With respect to animal density in the work area, the EU yielding negative results had an average of 2 dogs (SD 2.1) per EU while in the EU having positive results the average was 3 dogs (SD 4.2), showing statistically significant differences (p=0.02). In children under 15 years of age, 12 cases were diagnosed. This study has identified, on average, that the cases of hydatid disease are closer in the positive fields than in the negative fields (p=0.00307).The coproELISA/WB test allowed to identify the dispersion of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with the occurrence of cases in children in 2009-2010.

Vigilancia de la equinococosis quística en perros y niños en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina / Cystic echinococcosis in dogs and children in the province of Río Negro, Argentina

La equinococosis quística (EQ) es una enfermedad endémica en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. El programa de control de esta afección desarrolla sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica basados en las técnicas de coproELISA/Western blot (WB) en muestras de heces de perros recolectadas del suelo, a fin de determinar establecimientos ganaderos (unidades epidemiológicas o UE) con transmisión presente. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la prevalencia de EQ en establecimientos ganaderos y su relación con la presencia de casos de EQ en niños de 0 a 14 años. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente UE donde se obtuvieron muestras de materia fecal canina, las que fueron procesadas mediante coproELISA/WB. Asimismo, se identificaron casos nuevos ocurridos en niños del rango etario señalado. Se obtuvieron 571 muestras de 278 UE; 37 (6,5 %) fueron positivas a coproELISA/WB de 37 (13,3 %) UE con transmisión presente. Las diferencias con el relevamiento efectuado en el período 2003-2004 resultaron no significativas (p = 0,9), mientras que las diferencias con el relevamiento efectuado en UE de poblaciones originarias en 2009-2010 resultaron significativas (p = 0,02). Con relación a la densidad animal en el área de trabajo, las UE que dieron un resultado negativo tuvieron un promedio de 2 (DE: 2,1) perros por UE, en las UE con infección presente el promedio fue de 3 (DE 4,2), esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,02). Se diagnosticaron 12 casos en niños menores de 15 años. Se estableció que los casos de hidatidosis, en promedio, se situaron a menor distancia de los campos positivos a coproELISA/WB que de los campos negativos (p= 0,00307). La prueba de coproELISA/WB permitió identificar la dispersión de EQ en establecimientos ganaderos y analizar su relación con la ocurrencia de casos en niños.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. The control program against CE has developed monitoring surveillance systems. Currently, the coproELISA/Western blot (WB) test is used to determine transmission in livestock farms (epidemiological units or EU) from collected dry field-dispersed dog feces. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with CE cases in children aged 0-14 years. Canine fecal samples were obtained from randomly selected livestock farms and processed by the coproELISA/WB test. Furthermore, new cases in children in the same age group mentioned above were identified. In 278 EU, 571 samples of canine feces were obtained. There were 37 positive samples for coproELISA/WB (6.5%) and the presence of transmission was demonstrated in 37 EU (13.3%). There were no significant differences (p=0.9) with the survey conducted in the period 2003-2004 while there were significant differences (p=0.02) with the EU survey of native populations conducted in 2009-2010. With respect to animal density in the work area, the EU yielding negative results had an average of 2 dogs (SD 2.1) per EU while in the EU having positive results the average was 3 dogs (SD 4.2), showing statistically significant differences (p=0.02). In children under 15 years of age, 12 cases were diagnosed. This study has identified, on average, that the cases of hydatid disease are closer in the positive fields than in the negative fields (p=0.00307).The coproELISA/WB test allowed to identify the dispersion of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with the occurrence of cases in children in 2009-2010.

Vigilancia de la equinococosis quística en perros y niños en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina / Cystic echinococcosis in dogs and children in the province of Río Negro, Argentina

La equinococosis quística (EQ) es una enfermedad endémica en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. El programa de control de esta afección desarrolla sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica basados en las técnicas de coproELISA/Western blot (WB) en muestras de heces de perros recolectadas del suelo, a fin de determinar establecimientos ganaderos (unidades epidemiológicas o UE) con transmisión presente. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la prevalencia de EQ en establecimientos ganaderos y su relación con la presencia de casos de EQ en niños de 0 a 14 años. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente UE donde se obtuvieron muestras de materia fecal canina, las que fueron procesadas mediante coproELISA/WB. Asimismo, se identificaron casos nuevos ocurridos en niños del rango etario señalado. Se obtuvieron 571 muestras de 278 UE; 37 (6,5 %) fueron positivas a coproELISA/WB de 37 (13,3 %) UE con transmisión presente. Las diferencias con el relevamiento efectuado en el período 2003-2004 resultaron no significativas (p = 0,9), mientras que las diferencias con el relevamiento efectuado en UE de poblaciones originarias en 2009-2010 resultaron significativas (p = 0,02). Con relación a la densidad animal en el área de trabajo, las UE que dieron un resultado negativo tuvieron un promedio de 2 (DE: 2,1) perros por UE, en las UE con infección presente el promedio fue de 3 (DE 4,2), esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,02). Se diagnosticaron 12 casos en niños menores de 15 años. Se estableció que los casos de hidatidosis, en promedio, se situaron a menor distancia de los campos positivos a coproELISA/WB que de los campos negativos (p= 0,00307). La prueba de coproELISA/WB permitió identificar la dispersión de EQ en establecimientos ganaderos y analizar su relación con la ocurrencia de casos en niños.(AU)

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. The control program against CE has developed monitoring surveillance systems. Currently, the coproELISA/Western blot (WB) test is used to determine transmission in livestock farms (epidemiological units or EU) from collected dry field-dispersed dog feces. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with CE cases in children aged 0-14 years. Canine fecal samples were obtained from randomly selected livestock farms and processed by the coproELISA/WB test. Furthermore, new cases in children in the same age group mentioned above were identified. In 278 EU, 571 samples of canine feces were obtained. There were 37 positive samples for coproELISA/WB (6.5%) and the presence of transmission was demonstrated in 37 EU (13.3%). There were no significant differences (p=0.9) with the survey conducted in the period 2003-2004 while there were significant differences (p=0.02) with the EU survey of native populations conducted in 2009-2010. With respect to animal density in the work area, the EU yielding negative results had an average of 2 dogs (SD 2.1) per EU while in the EU having positive results the average was 3 dogs (SD 4.2), showing statistically significant differences (p=0.02). In children under 15 years of age, 12 cases were diagnosed. This study has identified, on average, that the cases of hydatid disease are closer in the positive fields than in the negative fields (p=0.00307).The coproELISA/WB test allowed to identify the dispersion of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with the occurrence of cases in children in 2009-2010.(AU)

Vigilancia de la equinococosis quística en perros y niños en la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. / [Cystic echinococcosis in dogs and children in the province of Río Negro, Argentina].

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an endemic disease in the province of Río Negro, Argentina. The control program against CE has developed monitoring surveillance systems. Currently, the coproELISA/Western blot (WB) test is used to determine transmission in livestock farms (epidemiological units or EU) from collected dry field-dispersed dog feces. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with CE cases in children aged 0-14 years. Canine fecal samples were obtained from randomly selected livestock farms and processed by the coproELISA/WB test. Furthermore, new cases in children in the same age group mentioned above were identified. In 278 EU, 571 samples of canine feces were obtained. There were 37 positive samples for coproELISA/WB (6.5

) and the presence of transmission was demonstrated in 37 EU (13.3

). There were no significant differences (p=0.9) with the survey conducted in the period 2003-2004 while there were significant differences (p=0.02) with the EU survey of native populations conducted in 2009-2010. With respect to animal density in the work area, the EU yielding negative results had an average of 2 dogs (SD 2.1) per EU while in the EU having positive results the average was 3 dogs (SD 4.2), showing statistically significant differences (p=0.02). In children under 15 years of age, 12 cases were diagnosed. This study has identified, on average, that the cases of hydatid disease are closer in the positive fields than in the negative fields (p=0.00307).The coproELISA/WB test allowed to identify the dispersion of CE on livestock farms and its relationship with the occurrence of cases in children in 2009-2010.

Early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of cystic echinococcosis in remote rural areas in Patagonia: impact of ultrasound training of non-specialists.

UNLABELLED: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic, complex and neglected disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. The effects of this neglect have a stronger impact in remote rural areas whose inhabitants have no chances of being diagnosed and treated properly without leaving their jobs and travelling long distances, sometimes taking days to reach the closest referral center. BACKGROUND: In 1980 our group set up a control program in endemic regions with CE in rural sections of Rio Negro, Argentina. Since 1997, we have used abdominopelvic ultrasound (US) as a screening method of CE in school children and determined an algorithm of treatment. OBJECTIVES: To describe the training system of general practitioners in early diagnosis and treatment of CE and to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the field program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2000, to overcome the shortage of radiologists in the area, we set up a short training course on Focused Assessment with Sonography for Echinococcosis (FASE) for general practitioners with no previous experience with US. After the course, the trainees were able to carry out autonomous ultrasound surveys under the supervision of the course faculty. From 2000 to 2008, trainees carried out 22,793 ultrasound scans in children from 6 to 14 years of age, and diagnosed 87 (0.4%) new cases of CE. Forty-nine (56.4%) were treated with albendazole, 29 (33.3%) were monitored expectantly and 9 (10.3%) were treated with surgery. DISCUSSION: The introduction of a FASE course for general practitioners allowed for the screening of CE in a large population of individuals in remote endemic areas with persistent levels of transmission, thus overcoming the barrier of the great distance from tertiary care facilities. The ability of local practitioners to screen for CE using US saved the local residents costly travel time and missed work and proved to be an efficacious and least expensive intervention tool for both the community and health care system.

Programme for ultrasound diagnoses and treatment with albendazole of cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic carriers: 10 years of follow-up of cases.

UNLABELLED: Cystic echinococcosis is an endemic disease in the Province of Rio Negro, Argentina. Ultrasound surveys carried out in 1984 found prevalence rates of 5.6% in children between 6 and 14 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To describe and to evaluate the results of the strategy applied in school children by hospital services of the Province of Rio Negro with regard to diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of cystic echinococcosis and to evaluate simultaneously the results of the control program against cystic echinococcosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 1997 ultrasound was chosen to carry out population surveys and the medical treatment criteria for the detected cases were standardized. The population under study involved 5745 students in the first survey and 22,793 in subsequent studies. The detected cases were classified according to Gharbi's scheme. A treatment algorithm was defined based only on monitoring ("watch and wait"), albendazole, surgery (open or laparoscopic) or mini-invasive procedures, according to type, location and size of the cyst. Information was also obtained on cases notified to the Health System between 1980 and 2008. RESULTS: In the first survey, 70 carriers (1.2%) were detected; of these, 25 started albendazole treatment (35.7%) and only 3 (4.3%) underwent surgery. Ten years after treatment, 60.1% of 42 cases, presented Types IV and V cysts and 14.5% presented total involution of their cysts. In subsequent studies, 87 (0.4%) cases were detected, 49 of which started albendazole treatment (56.3%) and 9 underwent surgery (10.3%). The incidence rate of cystic echinococcosis cases decreased from 38×100,000 in 1980 to 3.7×100,000 in 2008. DISCUSSION: A strong decrease in cystic echinococcosis was obtained although persistent levels of transmission were maintained. The cases produced under these conditions are diagnosed by means of ultrasound surveys and are treated using a plan based on albendazole and monitoring by the Health System during a period of 10 years.

[Epidemiological surveillance of cystic echinococcosis in dogs, sheep farms and humans in the Rio Negro Province]. / Vigilancia epidemiológica de la equinococcosis quística en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la provincia de Río Negro.

The surveillance of infection for Echinococcus granulosus in the Province of Rio Negro during 1980-2002 included serological and ultrasonographic screening in humans and arecoline test in dogs. In lieu of the limitations of the arecoline test the proposal was to supplant that test for the copro ELISA-copro/Western Blot complex applied to feces collected from the environment. The objective was to compare the pros and cons of the two tests and to evaluate the human and the canine infection prevalence. The working area encompassed 7 Departments with systematic canine parasiticide activities (Program Area) and 4 Departments, not endemic, as Control Area. The arecoline test was applied to the dogs in assembled groups with the voluntary participation of their owners (not randomized sampling). Samples for the detection of coproantigens were obtained from sheep farms selected at random and analyzed by the complex copro-ELISA /Western Blot. Prevalence in man was determined by screening the school population (6 to 14 years old) by ultrasound, and by means of the compulsory notification of cases from the official system. Dogs (416) were tested with arecoline, 365 of which belonged to the Program Area. Of these 19 (5.2%) resulted positive, while none of 51 dogs from the Control Area were positive. Samples (748) of feces were tested to detect coproantigens, obtaining 37 positive samples within the Program Area and 4 within the Control Area. Farms (271) from the livestock estate unit were evaluated, out of which 236 belonged to the Program Area, gave 32 (13.6%) positive results, while 4 (11.4%) of 35 from the Control Area resulted positive. Sonography tests (7421) were done in the Program Area detecting 40 (0.5%) carriers, while in the Control Area, over 1732 tests, 9 (0.5%) resulted positive. The arecoline test provides information about the dog prevalence while the detection of coproantigens in feces collected from the environment allowed to enhance the quality of the information, and the identification of environments where specific control activities focusing on risk must be concentrated. Also the study allowed to recognize new transmission areas.

Vigilancia epidemiologica de la equinococcosis quistica en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la Provincia de Rio Negro / Vigilancia epidemiologica de la equinococcosis quistica en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la Provincia de Rio Negro

La vigilancia de la equinococcosis quística para detectar infestación por Echinococcus granulosus en la Provincia de Río Negro en el período 1980-2002 fue efectuada en el hombre mediante encuestas serológicas y ultrasonográficas en población joven, y en el perro por el test de arecolina. Dadas las limitaciones de esta técnica, se planteó suplantarla por el complejo copro ELISA Western Blot en heces caninas recolectadas del suelo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar las ventajas y limitaciones de las dos técnicas para medir la prevalencia de la infección en el perro, y evaluar la prevalencia actual de la infección en el hombre y en el perro. Elárea de trabajo comprendió 7 Departamentos endémicos con Programas de desparasitación canina sistemática (Area Programa) y 4 Departamentos no endémicos como Area Testigo. El test de arecolina se aplicó en los perros, con concurrencia voluntaria de sus propietarios (muestreo no aleatorizado). Las muestras para detección de coproantígenosfueron obtenidas de establecimientos ganaderos seleccionados en forma aleatorizada. En el hombre se determinó la prevalencia mediante tamizajes ultrasonográficos en escolares de 6 a 14 años y la incidencia por medio del sistema oficial de notificación de casos sintomáticos. Se dosificaron con arecolina 416 perros resultando 19 (5.2%) positivos en el Area Programa y ninguno positivo en el Area Testigo. Para la detección de coproantígenos se obtuvieron 748 muestras de materia fecal de 271 establecimientos ganaderos, resultando 37 muestras y 32 establecimientos (13.6%) positivos en el Area Programa y 4 muestras y 4 establecimientos (11.4%, IC: 0.3-32.3) positivos en el Área Testigo. En el Area Programa se efectuaron 7421 ecografías abdominales a escolares, detectándose 40 (0.5%) casos conimágenes compatibles con hidatidosis, mientras en el área testigo se efectuaron 1732 ecografías con 9 (0.5%) casos positivos...

The surveillance of infection for Echinococcus granulosus in the Provinceof Rio Negro during 1980-2002 included serological and ultrasonographic screening in humans and arecoline testin dogs. In lieu of the limitations of the arecoline test the proposal was to supplant that test for the copro Elisacopro/Western Blot complex applied to feces collected from the environment. The objective was to compare the pros and cons of the two tests and to evaluate the human and the canine infection prevalence. The working area encompassed 7 Departments with systematic canine parasiticide activities (Program Area) and 4 Departments, not endemic, as Control Area. The arecoline test was applied to the dogs in assembled groups with the voluntary participation of their owners (not randomized sampling). Samples for the detection of coproantigens were obtained from sheep farms selected at random and analyzed by the complex copro-LISA /Western Blot. Prevalence inman was determined by screening the school population (6 to 14 years old) by ultrasound, and by means of the compulsory notification of cases from the official system. Dogs (416) were tested with arecoline, 365 of whichbelonged to the Program Area. Of these 19 (5.2%) resulted positive, while none of 51 dogs from the Control Areawere positive. Samples (748) of feces were tested to detect coproantigens, obtaining 37 positive samples withinthe Program Area and 4 within the Control Area. Farms (271) from the livestock estate unit were evaluated, outof which 236 belonged to the Program Area, gave 32 (13.6%) positive results, while 4 (11.4%) of 35 from theControl Area resulted positive. Sonography tests (7421) were done in the Program Area detecting 40 (0.5%)carriers, while in the Control Area, over 1732 tests, 9 (0.5%) resulted positive...

Vigilancia epidemiologica de la equinococcosis quistica en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la Provincia de Rio Negro / Vigilancia epidemiologica de la equinococcosis quistica en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la Provincia de Rio Negro

La vigilancia de la equinococcosis quística para detectar infestación por Echinococcus granulosus en la Provincia de Río Negro en el período 1980-2002 fue efectuada en el hombre mediante encuestas serológicas y ultrasonográficas en población joven, y en el perro por el test de arecolina. Dadas las limitaciones de esta técnica, se planteó suplantarla por el complejo copro ELISA Western Blot en heces caninas recolectadas del suelo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar las ventajas y limitaciones de las dos técnicas para medir la prevalencia de la infección en el perro, y evaluar la prevalencia actual de la infección en el hombre y en el perro. Elárea de trabajo comprendió 7 Departamentos endémicos con Programas de desparasitación canina sistemática (Area Programa) y 4 Departamentos no endémicos como Area Testigo. El test de arecolina se aplicó en los perros, con concurrencia voluntaria de sus propietarios (muestreo no aleatorizado). Las muestras para detección de coproantígenosfueron obtenidas de establecimientos ganaderos seleccionados en forma aleatorizada. En el hombre se determinó la prevalencia mediante tamizajes ultrasonográficos en escolares de 6 a 14 años y la incidencia por medio del sistema oficial de notificación de casos sintomáticos. Se dosificaron con arecolina 416 perros resultando 19 (5.2%) positivos en el Area Programa y ninguno positivo en el Area Testigo. Para la detección de coproantígenos se obtuvieron 748 muestras de materia fecal de 271 establecimientos ganaderos, resultando 37 muestras y 32 establecimientos (13.6%) positivos en el Area Programa y 4 muestras y 4 establecimientos (11.4%, IC: 0.3-32.3) positivos en el Area Testigo. En el Area Programa se efectuaron 7421 ecografías abdominales a escolares, detectándose 40 (0.5%) casos conimágenes compatibles con hidatidosis, mientras en el área testigo se efectuaron 1732 ecografías con 9 (0.5%) casos positivos...(AU)

The surveillance of infection for Echinococcus granulosus in the Provinceof Rio Negro during 1980-2002 included serological and ultrasonographic screening in humans and arecoline testin dogs. In lieu of the limitations of the arecoline test the proposal was to supplant that test for the copro Elisacopro/Western Blot complex applied to feces collected from the environment. The objective was to compare the pros and cons of the two tests and to evaluate the human and the canine infection prevalence. The working area encompassed 7 Departments with systematic canine parasiticide activities (Program Area) and 4 Departments, not endemic, as Control Area. The arecoline test was applied to the dogs in assembled groups with the voluntary participation of their owners (not randomized sampling). Samples for the detection of coproantigens were obtained from sheep farms selected at random and analyzed by the complex copro-LISA /Western Blot. Prevalence inman was determined by screening the school population (6 to 14 years old) by ultrasound, and by means of the compulsory notification of cases from the official system. Dogs (416) were tested with arecoline, 365 of whichbelonged to the Program Area. Of these 19 (5.2%) resulted positive, while none of 51 dogs from the Control Areawere positive. Samples (748) of feces were tested to detect coproantigens, obtaining 37 positive samples withinthe Program Area and 4 within the Control Area. Farms (271) from the livestock estate unit were evaluated, outof which 236 belonged to the Program Area, gave 32 (13.6%) positive results, while 4 (11.4%) of 35 from theControl Area resulted positive. Sonography tests (7421) were done in the Program Area detecting 40 (0.5%)carriers, while in the Control Area, over 1732 tests, 9 (0.5%) resulted positive...(AU)

Vigilancia epidemiologica de la equinococcosis quistica en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la Provincia de Rio Negro / Vigilancia epidemiologica de la equinococcosis quistica en perros, establecimientos ganaderos y poblaciones humanas en la Provincia de Rio Negro

La vigilancia de la equinococcosis quística para detectar infestación por Echinococcus granulosus en la Provincia de Río Negro en el período 1980-2002 fue efectuada en el hombre mediante encuestas serológicas y ultrasonográficas en población joven, y en el perro por el test de arecolina. Dadas las limitaciones de esta técnica, se planteó suplantarla por el complejo copro ELISA Western Blot en heces caninas recolectadas del suelo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar las ventajas y limitaciones de las dos técnicas para medir la prevalencia de la infección en el perro, y evaluar la prevalencia actual de la infección en el hombre y en el perro. Elárea de trabajo comprendió 7 Departamentos endémicos con Programas de desparasitación canina sistemática (Area Programa) y 4 Departamentos no endémicos como Area Testigo. El test de arecolina se aplicó en los perros, con concurrencia voluntaria de sus propietarios (muestreo no aleatorizado). Las muestras para detección de coproantígenosfueron obtenidas de establecimientos ganaderos seleccionados en forma aleatorizada. En el hombre se determinó la prevalencia mediante tamizajes ultrasonográficos en escolares de 6 a 14 años y la incidencia por medio del sistema oficial de notificación de casos sintomáticos. Se dosificaron con arecolina 416 perros resultando 19 (5.2%) positivos en el Area Programa y ninguno positivo en el Area Testigo. Para la detección de coproantígenos se obtuvieron 748 muestras de materia fecal de 271 establecimientos ganaderos, resultando 37 muestras y 32 establecimientos (13.6%) positivos en el Area Programa y 4 muestras y 4 establecimientos (11.4%, IC: 0.3-32.3) positivos en el Area Testigo. En el Area Programa se efectuaron 7421 ecografías abdominales a escolares, detectándose 40 (0.5%) casos conimágenes compatibles con hidatidosis, mientras en el área testigo se efectuaron 1732 ecografías con 9 (0.5%) casos positivos...(AU)

The surveillance of infection for Echinococcus granulosus in the Provinceof Rio Negro during 1980-2002 included serological and ultrasonographic screening in humans and arecoline testin dogs. In lieu of the limitations of the arecoline test the proposal was to supplant that test for the copro Elisacopro/Western Blot complex applied to feces collected from the environment. The objective was to compare the pros and cons of the two tests and to evaluate the human and the canine infection prevalence. The working area encompassed 7 Departments with systematic canine parasiticide activities (Program Area) and 4 Departments, not endemic, as Control Area. The arecoline test was applied to the dogs in assembled groups with the voluntary participation of their owners (not randomized sampling). Samples for the detection of coproantigens were obtained from sheep farms selected at random and analyzed by the complex copro-LISA /Western Blot. Prevalence inman was determined by screening the school population (6 to 14 years old) by ultrasound, and by means of the compulsory notification of cases from the official system. Dogs (416) were tested with arecoline, 365 of whichbelonged to the Program Area. Of these 19 (5.2%) resulted positive, while none of 51 dogs from the Control Areawere positive. Samples (748) of feces were tested to detect coproantigens, obtaining 37 positive samples withinthe Program Area and 4 within the Control Area. Farms (271) from the livestock estate unit were evaluated, outof which 236 belonged to the Program Area, gave 32 (13.6%) positive results, while 4 (11.4%) of 35 from theControl Area resulted positive. Sonography tests (7421) were done in the Program Area detecting 40 (0.5%)carriers, while in the Control Area, over 1732 tests, 9 (0.5%) resulted positive...(AU)

Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis on sheep farms in the south of Argentina: areas with a control program.

In 2000 Guarnera et al. proposed using ELISA in canine faeces collected from the ground to detect dogs infected with Echinococcus granulosus, thus determining sheep farms with active transmission. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of E. granulosus infection in sheep farms of the Patagonia. Sheep farms were randomly selected in the Provinces of Río Negro, Chubut, Neuquén, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego (areas with control programs) and La Pampa (comparison area). From one to three samples of fecal matter were obtained for each sheep farm, which were processed by means of copro-ELISA test with confirmation of positive samples by copro-Western blot. A total of 1042 samples were obtained from 352 sheep farms, 26 (7.3%) proving positive. Of these 5 (6.3%) were from La Pampa, 9 (13.8%) from Neuquén, 4 (4.7%) from Río Negro, 2 (2.9%) from Chubut, 1 (5.9%) from Santa Cruz and 5 (13.9%) from Tierra del Fuego. The identification of parasitized dogs is an essential activity upon which rests the strategy of control and surveillance. Arecoline tests or coproantigen test with fecal matter obtained directly from the dog contribute information on individual prevalence, while the use of coproantigens detected in ground-collected samples transfers the dog unit of observation to units of greater epidemiological value. In the present experience, the technique employed seems promising for its application in systems of epidemiological surveillance of cystic echinococcosis and in drawing a baseline on which to measure the progress of control programs in the Argentine Patagonia in subsequent years.